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Rutherford constructed a new scientific argument.
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This image is part of a series:
![A set of three images. The first shows an hypothesis model of an atom depicted by a circle with plus and minus signs. The second expected result/observation shows alpha particles passing through a gold foil. The third actual result/observation shows that some alpha particles bounce back.](https://undsci.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/34227_evo_resources_resource_image_59_original-1-350x238.gif)