• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Science aims to build explanations of the natural world. (P3, P6)
• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Scientists strive to test their ideas with evidence from the natural world; a hallmark of science is exposing ideas to testing. (P3, P4, P6, P7, NOS2)
• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Scientific knowledge is open to question and revision as new ideas surface and new evidence is discovered. (P4, P6, NOS3)
• [What is science?: Grades 13-16] Science aims to build increasingly broad and coherent explanations of the natural world.
• [What is science?: Grades 13-16] Scientists strive to test their ideas with evidence from the natural world; a hallmark of science is exposing ideas to testing.
• [What is science?: Grades 13-16] Scientific knowledge is open to question and revision as new ideas surface and new evidence is discovered.
• [What is science?: Grades 13-16] Scientific ideas cannot be absolutely proven.
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientists can test ideas about events and processes long past, very distant, and not directly observable.
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientists test their ideas using multiple lines of evidence. (P6, NOS2)
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientists often try to generate multiple explanations for what they observe. (P7)
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Raw data must be analyzed and interpreted before we can tell whether a scientific idea is likely to be accurate or inaccurate. (P4, P5)
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Different scientists may interpret the same data in different ways. (P7)
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists can test ideas about events and processes long past, very distant, and not directly observable.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] All scientific tests involve making assumptions, but these assumptions can be independently tested, increasing our confidence in our test results.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists test their ideas using multiple lines of evidence.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists often try to generate multiple explanations for what they observe.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists use multiple research methods (experiments, observational research, comparative research, and modeling) to collect data.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Different scientists may interpret the same data in different ways; data interpretation can be influenced by a scientist's assumptions, biases, and background.
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 9-12] Hypotheses are proposed explanations for a narrow set of phenomena. (P6)
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 9-12] Hypotheses are usually inspired and informed by previous research and/or observations. They are not guesses. (P6)
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 13-16] Hypotheses are proposed explanations for a narrow set of phenomena.
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 13-16] Hypotheses are usually inspired and informed by previous research and/or observations. They are not guesses.
• [The social side of science: Grades 9-12] Scientists usually work collaboratively. (NOS7)
• [The social side of science: Grades 9-12] Scientists scrutinize each other's work through peer review and other processes. (P7, NOS5)

• NOS Matrix understanding category 2. Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence.
• NOS Matrix understanding category 3. Scientific knowledge is open to revision in light of new evidence.
• NOS Matrix understanding category 5. Science is a way of knowing.
• NOS Matrix understanding category 7. Science is a human endeavor.
• Science and Engineering Practice 3. Planning and carrying out investigations
• Science and Engineering Practice 4. Analyzing and interpreting data
• Science and Engineering Practice 5. Using mathematics and computational thinking
• Science and Engineering Practice 6. Constructing explanations and designing solutions
• Science and Engineering Practice 7. Engaging in argument from evidence

This activity highlights the ways in which scientists can interpret scientific evidence in different ways, how scientists build arguments to support their claims, and how assumptions can influence interpretation. However, we don't recommend having students take a poll about which premise is best supported (as recommended in the teacher's guide), since this might give students the incorrect idea that scientific ideas are judged based on popularity.

• Hypotheses/theories
• Peer review
• Scientific arguments/evidence/testing ideas
• Scientific community