• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Science is both a body of knowledge and the process for building that knowledge. (NOS5)
• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Science aims to build explanations of the natural world. (P3, P6)
• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Science focuses on natural phenomena and processes.
• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Moral judgments, aesthetic judgments, decisions about applications of science, and conclusions about the supernatural are outside the realm of science. (NOS8)
• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Scientists strive to test their ideas with evidence from the natural world; a hallmark of science is exposing ideas to testing. (P3, P4, P6, P7, NOS2)
• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Scientific knowledge is open to question and revision as new ideas surface and new evidence is discovered. (P4, P6, NOS3)
• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Scientific ideas cannot be absolutely proven.
• [What is science?: Grades 9-12] Science is ongoing; answering one scientific question frequently leads to additional questions to be investigated. (P1)
• [What is science?: Grades 13-16] Science is both a body of knowledge and the process for building that knowledge.
• [What is science?: Grades 13-16] Science aims to build increasingly broad and coherent explanations of the natural world.
• [What is science?: Grades 13-16] Science focuses on natural phenomena and processes.
• [What is science?: Grades 13-16] Scientists strive to test their ideas with evidence from the natural world; a hallmark of science is exposing ideas to testing.
• [What is science?: Grades 13-16] Scientific knowledge is open to question and revision as new ideas surface and new evidence is discovered.
• [What is science?: Grades 13-16] Science is ongoing; answering one scientific question frequently leads to additional questions to be investigated.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] The real process of science is complex, iterative, and can take many different paths.
• [How science works: Grades ] 9-12
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] The real process of science is complex, iterative, and can take many different paths.
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] The process of science involves observation, exploration, testing, communication, and application.
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientific observations can be made directly with our own senses or may be made indirectly through the use of tools.
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientists can test ideas about events and processes long past, very distant, and not directly observable.
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientists test their ideas using multiple lines of evidence. (P6, NOS2)
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientists often try to generate multiple explanations for what they observe. (P7)
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientists use multiple research methods (experiments, observational research, comparative research, and modeling) to collect data. (P2, P3, P4, NOS1)
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientists look for patterns in their observations and data. (P4, P5, NOS2)
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientists try to be objective and work to identify and avoid bias.
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Different scientists may interpret the same data in different ways. (P7)
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Researchers share their findings with the scientific community through scientific publications. (P8)
• [How science works: Grades 9-12] Scientists aim for their studies to be replicable.
• [How science works: Grades ] 13-16
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] The process of science involves observation, exploration, testing, communication, and application.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientific observations can be made directly with our own senses or may be made indirectly through the use of tools.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists test their ideas (hypotheses and theories) by figuring out what expectations are generated by an idea and making observations to find out whether those expectations are borne out.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists can test ideas about events and processes long past, very distant, and not directly observable.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] All scientific tests involve making assumptions, but these assumptions can be independently tested, increasing our confidence in our test results.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists test their ideas using multiple lines of evidence.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists often try to generate multiple explanations for what they observe.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists use multiple research methods (experiments, observational research, comparative research, and modeling) to collect data.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists look for patterns in their observations and data.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists try to be objective and work to identify and avoid bias.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Different scientists may interpret the same data in different ways; data interpretation can be influenced by a scientist's assumptions, biases, and background.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Researchers share their findings with the scientific community through scientific publications.
• [How science works: Grades 13-16] Scientists aim for their studies to be replicable.
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades ] 9-12
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 9-12] Hypotheses are proposed explanations for a narrow set of phenomena. (P6)
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 9-12] Theories are powerful explanations for a wide range of phenomena. (P6, NOS4)
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 9-12] Accepted scientific theories are not tenuous; they must survive rigorous testing and be supported by multiple lines of evidence to be accepted. (P6, NOS2, NOS4)
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades ] 13-16
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 13-16] Hypotheses are proposed explanations for a narrow set of phenomena.
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 13-16] Hypotheses are usually inspired and informed by previous research and/or observations. They are not guesses.
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 13-16] Theories are powerful explanations for a wide range of phenomena.
• [Hypotheses and theories: Grades 13-16] Accepted scientific theories are not tenuous; they must survive rigorous testing and be supported by multiple lines of evidence to be accepted.
• [The social side of science: Grades ] 9-12
• [The social side of science: Grades 9-12] Science depends on communication within the scientific community. (P7, P8)
• [The social side of science: Grades 9-12] Scientists usually work collaboratively. (NOS7)
• [The social side of science: Grades 9-12] Scientists scrutinize each other's work through peer review and other processes. (P7, NOS5)
• [The social side of science: Grades 9-12] Science relies on the accumulated knowledge of the scientific community to move forward. (NOS5)
• [The social side of science: Grades 9-12] Scientists are influenced by their personal experiences and cultures. (NOS7)
• [The social side of science: Grades 9-12] Anyone can participate in science, but the pursuit of science as a career often requires extensive formal training.
• [The social side of science: Grades 9-12] Scientists are creative. (NOS7)
• [The social side of science: Grades ] 13-16
• [The social side of science: Grades 13-16] Science depends on communication within the scientific community.
• [The social side of science: Grades 13-16] Scientists usually work collaboratively.
• [The social side of science: Grades 13-16] Scientists scrutinize each other's work through peer review and other processes.
• [The social side of science: Grades 13-16] Science relies on the accumulated knowledge of the scientific community to move forward.
• [The social side of science: Grades 13-16] Scientists are influenced by their personal experiences and cultures.
• [The social side of science: Grades 13-16] Anyone can participate in science, but the pursuit of science as a career often requires extensive formal training.
• [The social side of science: Grades 13-16] Scientists are creative.
• [Science and society: Grades 9-12] Science is embedded in, and influenced by, the broader society. (NOS7)
• [Science and society: Grades 13-16] Science is embedded in, and influenced by, the broader society.

• NOS Matrix understanding category 2. Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence.
• NOS Matrix understanding category 3. Scientific knowledge is open to revision in light of new evidence.
• NOS Matrix understanding category 4. Scientific models, laws, mechanisms, and theories explain natural phenomena.
• NOS Matrix understanding category 5. Science is a way of knowing.
• NOS Matrix understanding category 7. Science is a human endeavor.
• Science and Engineering Practice 1. Asking questions and defining problems
• Science and Engineering Practice 2. Developing and using models
• Science and Engineering Practice 3. Planning and carrying out investigations
• Science and Engineering Practice 4. Analyzing and interpreting data
• Science and Engineering Practice 5. Using mathematics and computational thinking
• Science and Engineering Practice 6. Constructing explanations and designing solutions
• Science and Engineering Practice 7. Engaging in argument from evidence
• Science and Engineering Practice 8. Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

Check out the support materials for tips on using the short stories in classrooms and on building discussion around them. In addition, many of these stories can be used to emphasize the differences between the pathways taken by individual scientists.

• Process of science
• Scientific community